标题为《被击倒的男人 1》与《被击倒的男人 2》[CR: 669/1-2] 的 两幅画,描绘的是死去的恐怖组织红军派 (RAF) 的创始人之一 Andreas Baader,他在1972年被捕。这两幅画是根据警方记录相片创作而成的,相片记录了1977年10月18日,红军派成员于 Stuttgart- Stammheim 监狱里被发现自杀身亡时的景况。
在竖幅的《被击倒的男人 1》画里,Andreas Baader 成斜角躺在牢房地上,右手臂放在身体上,左手臂则斜着伸开。他的脖子显得有点伸得过长,嘴微开,头部流出的血在地面滩成一片。 武器和其他物件散落在他的头部周围,在画里难以辨识。死者身着的黑色长裤与他惨白的脸色和头部附近的白色物件,形成了明显的反差,衬着灰色的地面,显得格 外突兀。
由于画家所选择铺陈的细节与适度的模糊化技法,使得第一幅画与原始相片感觉很类似。但在第二幅画 [CR: 669-2] 里,更强的模糊化处理让 Baader 显得有点飘忽不真实,背景与前景之间的界限模糊难以界定,Baader 的脸也漫漶不清,甚难辨认。观者的视角也稍有改变,因此虽然画面放大的程度较钜,但画中的各种细节反而变得更难分辨。
在 两个不同的版本中,伸出的那一只手臂似乎最能显示画中的人物已死,因为它意味着一个人对自己的四肢已经失控。举例而言,这个姿势让人联想到圣母玛利亚哀痛 地抱着基督尸体的画 (Pietà),或是 Jacques-Louis David 所绘的历史画《马拉之死》(The Death of Marat) ,这些艺术史的参照清楚地点明了死亡在绘画中所扮演的角色。
里希特是这么描述他创作这系列画作的过程的,“我最后画的正是一 些一直以来被认为是难以入画的主题,亦即死者。一开始我想画的是完整的东西,就是当时的世界,活生生的现实。我当时考虑的是大而完整的东西,但是后来这组 画渐渐出现不同的发展,朝死亡的方向发展。死亡其实一点都不难以入画,死亡与苦难向来都是艺术的重要主题,其实它们恰恰是艺术的主题,但长期以来美好而简 洁的生活方式,让我们逐渐远离那个原始的主题。”1
里希特所绘的红军派成员之死,以及原始记录照片随着这些画在1980年10月于德国 Stern 杂志的发表,都在评论界引起了轩然大波。但根据里希特的说法,人们对画作与照片的反应不尽相同,“照片引发的是恐怖,但描绘同样主题的画作却激发出类似悲痛的情绪。这种反应其实非常接近我当初的创作意图。” 2 里希特的艺术化改编制造出一种与历史事件之间的距离,让观者能因此获得反思的空间,以一种不含价值判断的方式来思考恐怖份子之死,一种没有预设立场的反思机会。
1 Jan Thorn-Prikker 与里希特关于《1977年10月18日》的对话,1989年,截自 Gerhard Richter: Text. Writings, Interviews and Letters 1961–2007, Thames & Hudson, London 出版 (2009年),第227页。
2 同上,第229页。
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The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, USA
此作品的创作来源为《图集》所收录的一幅影像:
此《图集》页涵括下列作品的图片来源:
此作品曾于下列展览展出:
关于此作的文献:
标题 | 作者 | 日期 | ||||
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The Richter Interviews | Obrist, Hans Ulrich / Richter, Gerhard | 2019 | |||
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Wo Es war. Vier Briefe an Gerhard Richter | Didi-Huberman, Georges | 2018 | |||
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The Truth is Always Grey. A History of Modernist Painting | Guerin, Frances | 2018 | |||
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Unconsolable Contemporary: Observing Gerhard Richter | Rabinow, Paul | 2017 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: The Life of Images | Hawker, Rosemary | 2017 | |||
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Robert Storr: Interviews on Art | Storr, Robert | 2017 | |||
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Typewriters, Bombs, Jellyfish: Essays | McCarthy, Tom | 2017 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Über Malen / Frühe Bilder | 2017 | ||||
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B: Blickfänger | Härtel, Insa / Pazzini, Karl-Josef | 2017 | |||
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The Absent Museum | Snauwaert, Dirk / Borja-Villel, Manuel / David, Catherine / Esche, Charles | 2017 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Die Editionen | 2017 | ||||
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Gerhard Richter | Elger, Dietmar / Fajt, Jiří | 2017 | |||
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Photography, Trace, and Trauma | Iversen, Margaret | 2017 | |||
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The Artwork of Gerhard Richter. Painting, critical theory and cultural transformation | Ansted, Darryn | 2016 | |||
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Elective Affinities. German Art since the Late 1960s | 2016 | ||||
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Gerhard Richter. 14 Panes of Glass for Toyoshima, dedicated to futility | Elger, Dietmar / Hayashi, Sumi | 2016 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Abstraction and Appearance | Moorhouse, Paul | 2016 | |||
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Das Abenteuer unserer Sammlung Kunst nach 1945 aus den Kunstmuseen Krefeld | Hentschel, Martin / Holzhey, Magdalena / Janzen, Thomas / Martin, Sylvia | 2016 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Painting | Shimizu, Minoru | 2015 | |||
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The Art of Gerhard Richter. Hermeneutics, Images, Meaning | Lotz, Christian | 2015 | |||
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The Düsseldorf Art Academy. Making History since 1945 | Kunstakademie Düsseldorf | 2015 | |||
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Time Present. Photography from The Deutsche Bank Collection | Krause, Stefan / Koerner von Gustorf, Oliver / Cloete, Alan / Chadha, Gunit / Hütte, Friedhelm / Liebscher, Martin / Campany, David | 2014 | |||
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Time Present. Photography from the Deutsche Bank Collection | Ng, Rachel / März, Christina / Hütte, Friedhelm / Lingham, Susie / Lim, Philip | 2014 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Pictures / Series | Didi-Huberman, Georges / Elger, Dietmar / Kono, Michiko / Obrist, Hans Ulrich / Schwarz, Dieter | 2014 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Bilder / Serien | Didi-Huberman, Georges / Elger, Dietmar / Kono, Michiko / Obrist, Hans Ulrich / Schwarz, Dieter | 2014 | |||
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Germany Divided. Baselitz and his Generation. From the Duerckheim Collection | Stonard, John-Paul / MacGregor, Neil | 2014 | |||
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Was die Bilder erzählen. Ein Rundgang durch mein imaginäres Museum | Wellershoff, Dieter | 2013 | |||
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Gerhard Richter, Panorama: une rétrospective = a retrospective | Godfrey, Mark / Serota, Nicholas / Brill, Dorothée / Morineau, Camille / Borchardt-Hume, Achim / Dickson, Amy / Haidu, Rachel / Mehring, Christine | 2012 | |||
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Aufbruch Realismus. Die neue Wirklichkeit im Bild nach '68 | Gundel, Marc / Eiber, Christina / Eiermann, Wolf / Fleischer, Martina / Gniffke, Vera / Keil, Robert | 2012 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Panorama: Retrospektive | Godfrey, Mark / Serota, Nicholas / Brill, Dorothée / Morineau, Camille / Borchardt-Hume, Achim / Dickson, Amy / Haidu, Rachel / Mehring, Christine | 2012 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Panorama: A Retrospective | Godfrey, Mark / Serota, Nicholas / Brill, Dorothée / Morineau, Camille / Borchardt-Hume, Achim / Dickson, Amy / Haidu, Rachel / Mehring, Christine | 2011 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Atlas | Friedel, Helmut | 2011 | |||
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Il bordo del mondo: La forma sguardo nella pittura di Gerhard Richter | Garbin, Emanuele | 2011 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Images of an Era | Schneede, Uwe M. / Butin, Hubertus / Elger, Dietmar / Rübel, Dietmar / Westheider, Ortrud | 2011 | |||
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Übermalt, Verwischt, Ausgelöscht: Das Porträt im 20. Jahrhundert | Mund, Henrike | 2011 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche | Schneede, Uwe M. / Butin, Hubertus / Elger, Dietmar / Rübel, Dietmar / Westheider, Ortrud | 2011 | |||
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Gerhard Richter in der Dresdener Galerie. Schriften des Gerhard Richter Archiv Dresden ; Bd. 7 | Elger, Dietmar | 2010 | |||
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September. A History Painting by Gerhard Richter | Storr, Robert | 2010 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. A Life in Painting | Elger, Dietmar | 2009 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Porträt Dr. Knobloch (Patrimonia 344) | Elger, Dietmar / Roth, Martin / Stange, Eva-Maria | 2009 | |||
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Richter en France | Tosatto, Guy / Criqui, Jean-Pierre / Storsve, Jonas | 2009 | |||
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The Richter effect on the regeneration of aesthetics | Kelly, Michael | 2009 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Abstrakte Bilder | Wilmes, Ulrich / Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. / Söntgen, Beate / Stemmrich, Gregor | 2008 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Large Abstracts | Wilmes, Ulrich / Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. / Söntgen, Beate / Stemmrich, Gregor | 2008 | |||
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Gerhard Richter, Maler | Elger, Dietmar | 2008 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. 4900 Colours | Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. / Gidal, Peter / Pelzer, Birgit / Peyton-Jones, Julia / Obrist, Hans Ulrich | 2008 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Portraits | Gronert, Stefan / Butin, Hubertus | 2006 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Atlas | Friedel, Helmut | 2006 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Atlas | Friedel, Helmut | 2006 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Portraits | Gronert, Stefan / Butin, Hubertus | 2006 | |||
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Texte: Schriften und Interviews: Revised and Enlarged Edition | Richter, Gerhard / Shimizu, Minoru | 2005 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Catalogue Raisonné 1993–2004 | Zweite, Armin | 2005 | |||
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Gerhard Richter: Editions 1965-2004 | 2004 | ||||
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Gerhard Richter: Editionen 1965-2004 | Butin, Hubertus / Gronert, Stefan | 2004 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Doubt and Belief in Painting | Storr, Robert | 2003 | |||
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Visions of Modern Art. Painting and Sculpture from the Museum of Modern Art | Elderfield, John / Lowry, Glenn D. / Ganz, Sarah / Storr, Robert / Umland, Anne / Daftari, Fereshteh | 2003 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Malerei | Storr, Robert | 2002 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Forty Years of Painting | Storr, Robert | 2002 | |||
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Gerhard Richter, Maler | Elger, Dietmar | 2002 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Survey | Schwarz, Dieter / Zeller, Ursula / Adriani, Götz | 2001 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. October 18, 1977 | Storr, Robert | 2000 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Drawings 1964-1999. Catalogue Raisonné | Schwarz, Dieter / Pelzer, Birgit | 2000 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. Übersicht | Schwarz, Dieter / Zeller, Ursula / Adriani, Götz | 2000 | |||
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Gerhard Richter | Corà, Bruno / Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. / Chevrier, Jean Francois / Moscati, Italo | 1999 | |||
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L'image-événement. Représentations de la terreur dans l'œuvre de Willie Doherty et de Gerhard Richter | Lavoie, Vincent | 1999 | |||
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Gerhard Richter, 18. Oktober 1977. Eine Kunst-Monographie | Hemken, Kai-Uwe | 1998 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. 100 Bilder | Obrist, Hans Ulrich / Pelzer, Birgit / Tosatto, Guy | 1996 | |||
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Gerhard Richter. 100 Pictures | Obrist, Hans Ulrich / Pelzer, Birgit / Tosatto, Guy | 1996 | |||
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Gerhard Richter, Sigmar Polke, Arnulf Rainer. Sammlung Frieder Burda = Collection Frieder Burda | Poetter, Jochen / Brehm, Margrit / Möckel, Birgit | 1996 | |||
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Stammheim. Gerhard Richter | Seymour, Anne | 1995 | |||
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Aus der Sammlung. Nach 25 Jahren | Grisebach, Lucius / Braunsberg, Günter | 1992 | |||
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Zu Richters Oktober-Bildern | Butin, Hubertus | 1991 | |||
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Museum für Moderne Kunst und Sammlung Ströher | 1991 | ||||
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Gerhard Richter: Atlas | Zweite, Armin | 1989 | |||
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18. Oktober 1977 | Ammann, Jean-Christophe | 1989 | |||
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Gerhard Richter 1988/89 | Schampers, Karel / Tilroe, Anna / Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. | 1989 |