The Ludwig Collection
The Ludwig Collection
The Ludwig Collection
Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran, Iran
10 January 1978 - 28 February 1978
edit
48 Portraits (Jean Sibelius)
48 Portraits (Jean Sibelius)
1971/72 70 cm x 55 cm Catalogue Raisonné: 324-18
Oil on canvas
Johan Julian Christian („Jean“) Sibelius (1865 – 1957) was a Finnish composer that combined characteristics of the First Viennese School with features of Romantic music. He composed both symphonic works as well as concerts, Lieder and choir music while also working as a conductor. From the middle of the Twenties however he gradually ceased to compose and virtually stopped writing music.
Gerhard Richter painted 48 Portraits for the German pavilion of the 1972 Venice Biennale. He created 48 individual portraits of historical figures for the exhibition space of the pavilion: writers, scientists, composers and philosophers can be found, whereas politicians and artists are not represented. Franz Kafka, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein and Oscar Wilde are among the most famous, alongside some less-known individuals.
The 48 Portraits depict solely white central European and American males, born between 1824 and 1904. Richter selected them from 270 portrait photographs that he had taken from encyclopaedias and lexicons and collected in his Atlas [Sheets: 30–41].
The paintings were directly based on the source images from Atlas. The choice of a standardised format (70 x 55 cm) and source images similar in form underline the uniformity of the paintings. The realisation in greyscale as well as the soft rendering of the faces that show only few wrinkles or unevenness, make the pictures appear as homogeneous entity.
48 Portraits have often been interpreted in relation to Richter's personal history and beliefs. However, the individuality of the depicted people seems to have limited significance because the artist homogenised their features during the process of painting. 'I am interested in the speechless language of these pictures. Heads, even if they are full of literature and philosophy, become quite unliterary. Literature is invalidated; the personalities become anonymous. That's what is important to me here.'1
The German pavilion at the Venice Biennale was reconstructed in 1938 and therefore reflects the architecture of National Socialist Germany. In the framework of this unadorned monumental architecture, the choice of the portrait genre evokes associations of portraits of political leaders. In opposition to this, Richter creates a multiplicity of portraits omitting the depictions of politicians. Hence the architecture and the work 48 Portraits could be seen as complementing one another.
The fact that no women were included in the series of portraits lead to speculations. In retrospect, Richter explained the circumstances as follows: 'And as I mentioned, you also have the psychological or subjective timeliness of the father problem. This affects all of society. I am not talking about myself because that would be rather uninteresting, but the absence of the father is a typical German problem. That is the reason for such agitation; that is why this work has such a disquieting effect.'2
The work 48 Portraits does not allow conclusions to be drawn whether Richter had any personal appreciation toward certain persons: '(…) I didn't want to intimate any specific ideology or theme. I wanted pure pictures that wouldn't be subject to ideological interpretation' stated Gerhard Richter.3 However, the work needs to be regarded in relation to its time of origin and the space it was created for. It is therefore inevitably interwoven with the artist's own history.
Notes prepared by editorial team
1 Conversation with Mathias Schreiber, 1972 in: Gerhard Richter: Text. Writings, Interviews and Letters, 1961–2007, Thames & Hudson, London, 2009, p. 63
2 MoMA Interview with Robert Storr, 2002 in: Gerhard Richter: Text. Writings, Interviews and Letters, 1961–2007, Thames & Hudson, London, 2009, p. 422.
3 Conversation with Mathias Schreiber, 1972, p. 63
Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany
This artwork is based on an image included in Atlas:
This Atlas sheet includes the source images of the following works:












This artwork was shown in the following exhibitions::
Related publications
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Wo Es war. Vier Briefe an Gerhard Richter | Didi-Huberman, Georges edit | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The Power of the Avant-Garde. Now and Then | Bischoff, Ulrich / Müller, Jürgen edit | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The Art of Gerhard Richter. Hermeneutics, Images, Meaning | Lotz, Christian edit | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter: Colour Charts | Elger, Dietmar / Butin, Hubertus / Mansoor, Jaleh edit | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The Düsseldorf Art Academy. Making History since 1945 | Kunstakademie Düsseldorf edit | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The publication Gerhard Richter. Editionen 1965 – 2013 updates the catalogue raisonné of his editions that was published ten years earlier. This book includes additionally 35 new and hitherto unknown works ... |
Gerhard Richter: Editionen 1965-2013 | Butin, Hubertus / Gronert, Stefan / Olbricht, Thomas edit | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The publication Gerhard Richter. Editions 1965 – 2013 updates the catalogue raisonné of his editions that was published ten years earlier. This book includes additionally 35 new and hitherto unknown works ... |
Gerhard Richter: Editions 1965-2013 | Butin, Hubertus / Gronert, Stefan / Olbricht, Thomas edit | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Bilder zu machen ist das Natürlichste in der Welt | Obrist, Hans-Ulrich edit | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Art Spezial. Gerhard Richter. Der Über-Maler | Sommer, Tim edit | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Bilder / Serien accompanies Gerhard Richter’s eponymous exhibition at the Fondation Beyeler. The show is curated by Hans Ulrich Obrist, a longstanding friend of Richter ... |
Gerhard Richter: Bilder / Serien | Didi-Huberman, Georges / Elger, Dietmar / Kono, Michiko / Obrist, Hans Ulrich / Schwarz, Dieter edit | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Pictures / Series accompanies Gerhard Richter’s exhibition at the Fondation Beyeler. The show is curated by Hans Ulrich Obrist, a longstanding friend of Richter ... |
Gerhard Richter: Pictures / Series | Didi-Huberman, Georges / Elger, Dietmar / Kono, Michiko / Obrist, Hans Ulrich / Schwarz, Dieter edit | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter. Ausschnitt. Werke aus der Sammlung Böckmann = Detail. Paintings from the Böckmannn Collection | Kraus, Eva / Nollert, Angelika / Fuchs, Caroline / Heyden, Thomas edit | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter und die Geschichte Deutschlands | Jenni-Preihs, Monika edit | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Gerhard Richter. Streifen & Glas | Schwarz, Dieter / Storr, Robert edit | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter. Zeitgenossenschaft | Meincke, Guido edit | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Studiolo. 10, 2013 | Didi-Huberman, Georges / Gerbron, Cyril / Longo, Sara / Frascarolo, Valentina / Pellegrini, Emanuele / Perini Frolesani, Giovanna / Gouzi, Christine / Lassus Seint-Geniè, Gabrielle de / Chavanee, Blandine / Verhagen, Erik / Barreto, Joana / Pagliano, Éric / Caramanna, Claudia / Furlotti, Barabra / Alfrey, Nicholas / Wrigley, Richard edit | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Gerhard Richter: Panorama: Retrospektive | Godfrey, Mark / Serota, Nicholas / Brill, Dorothée / Morineau, Camille / Borchardt-Hume, Achim / Dickson, Amy / Haidu, Rachel / Mehring, Christine edit | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter: Atlas | Elger, Dietmar edit | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Gerhard Richter, Panorama: une rétrospective = a retrospective | Godfrey, Mark / Serota, Nicholas / Brill, Dorothée / Morineau, Camille / Borchardt-Hume, Achim / Dickson, Amy / Haidu, Rachel / Mehring, Christine edit | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche was published on the occasion of the exhibition at Bucerius Kunstforum in Hamburg in 2011. Both the exhibition and the catalogue focus on Richter’s paintings of the 1960s ... |
Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche | Schneede, Uwe M. / Butin, Hubertus / Elger, Dietmar / Rübel, Dietmar / Westheider, Ortrud edit | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Gerhard Richter: Panorama: A Retrospective | Godfrey, Mark / Serota, Nicholas / Brill, Dorothée / Morineau, Camille / Borchardt-Hume, Achim / Dickson, Amy / Haidu, Rachel / Mehring, Christine edit | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
Gerhard Richter. Images of an Era was published on the occasion of the exhibition at Bucerius Kunstforum in Hamburg in 2011. Both the exhibition and the catalogue focus on Richter’s paintings of the 1960s ... |
Gerhard Richter. Images of an Era | Schneede, Uwe M. / Butin, Hubertus / Elger, Dietmar / Rübel, Dietmar / Westheider, Ortrud edit | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter. Rot, Gelb, Blau by Helmut Friedel analyses and contextualises the paintings Red, Yellow and Blue [CR: 345/1-3] commissioned by BMW for their Munich headquarters, within the context of Richter’s œuvre. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Rot-Gelb-Blau. Die Gemälde für BMW | Friedel, Helmut / Storr, Robert edit | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Atlas displays 783 plates of Gerhard Richter’s Atlas. Atlas is a collection of photographs, newspaper cuttings and sketches, which the artist compiled and then arranged on single sheets ... |
Gerhard Richter. Atlas | Friedel, Helmut edit | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Il bordo del mondo: La forma sguardo nella pittura di Gerhard Richter | Garbin, Emanuele edit | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Já, bezesporu = Undeniably me | Broeker, Holger / Nedoma, Petr / Wallner, Julia / Brüderlin, Markus edit | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter | Elger, Dietmar edit | 2010 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Robert Storr considers the importance of the Cage paintings within Richter’s practice and within the wider context of abstract art. A series of extraordinary, detailed photographs document the development of each painting ... |
Cage. Six paintings by Gerhard Richter | Storr, Robert edit | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
The catalogue of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, London in 2009 focuses on Richter's portraiture. ... |
Die Porträts von Gerhard Richter | Moorhouse, Paul edit | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
The catalogue of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, London in 2009 focuses on Richter's portraiture. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Portraits. Painting Appearances | Moorhouse, Paul edit | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter. A Life in Painting gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre. ... |
Gerhard Richter. A Life in Painting | Elger, Dietmar edit | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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This issue of the Patrimonia series was published on the occasion of the acquisition of the painting Portrait Dr. Knobloch of 1964 by Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden in 2009. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Porträt Dr. Knobloch (Patrimonia 344) | Elger, Dietmar / Roth, Martin / Stange, Eva-Maria edit | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter (October Files ; 8) | Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. / Koch, Gertrud / Crow, Thomas / Pelzer, Birgit / Osborne, Peter / Foster, Hal / Meinhardt, Johannes / Haidu, Rachel edit | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The Phenomenon of Interruption in the Visual Arts. A Comparison of Works by Daniel Libeskind, Gerhard Richter, and Ilya Kabakov | Koenig, Wendy edit | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Aesthetics and the Work of Art. Adorno, Kafka, Richter | Bolla, Peter de/ Uhlig, Stefan H. / Cascardi, Anthony J. / Redfield, Marc / Jarvis, Simon / Reiss, Timonthy J. / Roberts, Julian / Tamen, Miguel / Caygill, Howard / Corngold, Stanley edit | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter. Behind the Pictures | Gayford, Martin edit | 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The book Gerhard Richter. Text 1961 bis 2007. Schriften, Interviews, Briefe presents a selection of Richter’s writings, including personal notes, public statements, interviews and letters. ... |
Text 1961 bis 2007. Schriften, Interviews, Briefe | Richter, Gerhard / Elger, Dietmar / Obrist, Hans Ulrich edit | 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre. ... |
Gerhard Richter, Maler | Elger, Dietmar edit | 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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This first publication of the Gerhard Richter Archive documents the six-lecture symposium organized by the Archive on 10th February 2007 in celebration of Gerhard Richter's 75th birthday. ... |
Sechs Vorträge über Gerhard Richter. Februar 2007, Residenzschloss Dresden. Schriften des Gerhard Richter Archiv Dresden ; Bd. 1 | Elger, Dietmar / Müller, Jürgen / Butin, Hubertus / Rübel, Dietmar / Schwarz, Dieter / Stemmrich, Gregor edit | 2007 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
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Die deutschen Beiträge zur Biennale Venedig, 1895-2007 | Zeller, Ursula edit | 2007 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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At 864 pages, this monumental and comprehensive publication maps the ideas, processes, life and times of Gerhard Richter. Conceived and closely edited by Richter himself, Atlas cuts straight to the heart of the artist's work ... |
Gerhard Richter. Atlas | Friedel, Helmut edit | 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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At 864 pages, this monumental and comprehensive publication maps the ideas, processes, life and times of Gerhard Richter. Conceived and closely edited by Richter himself, Atlas cuts straight to the heart of the artist's work ... |
Gerhard Richter. Atlas | Friedel, Helmut edit | 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
Gerhard Richter. Portraits is the first publication that focuses solely on Richter’s portraits, many of which have now gained both recognition and veneration across the globe. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Portraits | Gronert, Stefan / Butin, Hubertus edit | 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter. La Surface du Regard | Eble, Bruno edit | 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
Gerhard Richter. Portraits is the first publication that focuses solely on Richter’s portraits, many of which have now gained both recognition and veneration across the globe. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Portraits | Gronert, Stefan / Butin, Hubertus edit | 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
This catalogue raisonné records Richter’s works in the years 1993-2004. In his work, Gerhard Richter calls into question painting's boundaries, and the labels applied to painting and theories connected with them. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Catalogue Raisonné 1993–2004 | Zweite, Armin edit | 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Gerhard Richter. Ohne Farbe = Without Color | Spieler, Reinhard / Gelshorn, Julian / Kania, Elke / Krystof, Doris edit | 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Ein Maler aus Deutschland. Gerhard Richter. Das Drama einer Familie | Schreiber, Jürgen edit | 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Open Systems. Rethinking Art c.1970 | De Salvo, Donna / Burton, Johanna / Godfrey, Mark / Groys, Boris edit | 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
This catalogue raisonné records Richter’s works in the years 1999-2004. In his work, Gerhard Richter calls into question painting's boundaries, and the labels applied to painting and theories connected with them. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Werkverzeichnis 1993-2004 | Zweite, Armin edit | 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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New Art in the 60s and 70s: Redefining Reality | Anne Rorimer edit | 2004 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter is widely recognized as one of the most significant painters working today, and he is certainly among the most influential. He has worked in a wide range of media since the early 1960s, ... |
Gerhard Richter. Doubt and Belief in Painting | Storr, Robert edit | 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter. Malerei als Thema der Malerei | Kasper, Astrid edit | 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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An Artist Beyond Isms | Kimmelman, Michael edit | 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
Published on the occasion of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. 40 Years of Painting at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, this publication represents a broad range of Gerhard Richter's paintings of the last 40 years. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Forty Years of Painting | Storr, Robert edit | 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerhard Richter has been widely regarded as a publicity shy artist. However, the biography Gerhard Richter, Maler gives an insight into Richter’s personal history as well as into the development of his artistic œuvre. ... |
Gerhard Richter, Maler | Elger, Dietmar edit | 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
Published on the occasion of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. 40 Years of Painting at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, this publication represents a broad range of Gerhard Richter's paintings of the last 40 years. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Malerei | Storr, Robert edit | 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Double Exposure | Hustvedt, Siri edit | 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Atlas, Shrug | Soutif, Daniel edit | 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Survey accompanies the eponymous exhibition of the German Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (IfA), which has been composed by Gerhard Richter himself. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Survey | Schwarz, Dieter / Zeller, Ursula / Adriani, Götz edit | 2001 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Gerhard Richter. Atlas | Numaba, Shin-Ichi / Friedel, Helmut edit | 2001 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Monets Vermächtnis: Serie – Ordnung und Obsession | Schneede, Uwe M. / Heinrich, Christoph / Derenthal, Ludger / Fuchs, Martina / Lil, Kira van / Wappler, Friederike / Görgen, Annabelle / Sykora, Katharina / Müllerschön, Nicola edit | 2001 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
On October 18, 1977, three young German radicals, members of the militant Baader-Meinhof group, were found dead in a Stuttgart prison; they were pronounced suicides, but many people suspected they had been murdered. ... |
Gerhard Richter. October 18, 1977 | Storr, Robert edit | 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
The catalogue Gerhard Richter. Übersicht accompanies the eponymous exhibition of the German Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (IfA), which has been composed by Gerhard Richter himself. ... |
Gerhard Richter. Übersicht | Schwarz, Dieter / Zeller, Ursula / Adriani, Götz edit | 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Vernetzte Zeiten. Über Gerhard Richter, Anselm Kiefer, Heribert C. Ottersbach, Neo Rauch | Thomas, Karin edit | 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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History Painting Reassessed. The Representation of History in Contemporary Art | Green, David / Seddon, Peter edit | 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Neo-Avantgarde and Culture Industry. Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 | Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. edit | 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Gerhard Richter | Corà, Bruno / Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. / Chevrier, Jean Francois / Moscati, Italo edit | 1999 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Das XX. Jahrhundert. Ein Jahrhundert Kunst in Deutschland. Altes Museum, neue Nationalgalerie, Hamburger Bahnhof | Otto, Almut / Blunck, Lars / Pötzscher, Anke / Schuster, Peter-Klaus / Schneider, Angela / Blume, Eugen / Scholz, Dieter / Wullen, Moritz / Jäger, Joachim edit | 1999 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Gerhard Richter. Werke aus Aachener Sammlungen | Brusis, Ilse / Murken, Hinrich / Becker, Wolfgang / Elger, Dietmar / Engels, Maria / Gold, Anne edit | 1999 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Ohne Eigenschaften. Das Portrait bei Gerhard Richter | Ehrenfried, Susanne edit | 1997 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Deutschlandbilder. Kunst aus einem geteilten Land | Gillen, Eckhart edit | 1997 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Divided Memory and Post-Traditional Identity. Gerhard Richter's Work of Mourning | Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. edit | 1996 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Abstraction in the Twentieth Century. Total Risk, Freedom, Discipline | Rosenthal, Mark edit | 1996 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions
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Gerhard Richter | Alborch, Carmen / Corral, María de / Lebrero Stals, José / Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. edit | 1994 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Exhibitions |
Das ironische Gesamtkunstwerk. Zur Richter-Retrospektive in der Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn, 10. Dezember 1993 - 13. Februar 1994 | Prange, Regine edit | 1994 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Text: Schriften und Interviews | Richter, Gerhard / Obrist, Hans Ulrich edit | 1993 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Drei Impromptus über die Kunst Gerhard Richters / Three Impromptus on the Art of Gerhard Richter | Criqui, Jean-Pierre / Aeberli, Irene / Sartarelli, Stephen edit | 1993 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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The Richter-Scale of Blur | Koch, Gertrud edit | 1992 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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